Advanced cancer

Advanced cancer occurs when cancer has either spread to other parts of the body (known as secondary cancer or metastasis) or returned after initial treatment. In some cases, it may already be advanced when first diagnosed.

Cancer begins in the body’s cells, the basic building blocks, and can behave differently depending on the type. Some cancers grow slowly, others spread rapidly, and some follow unpredictable patterns.

A cancer confined to its original site is called ‘primary cancer’, while cancer that spreads to distant areas forms ‘secondary tumours’. It is considered locally advanced if the tumour is very large or the cancer has spread to nearby tissue.

Tests for cancer will show if you have cancer, the size of the tumour, and if it has spread. If it has spread, cancer stages are often described using the TNM Staging system:

• T (Tumour) Ranked between 1-4, this indicates the size and how much the tumour has spread. The higher the number the more advanced the cancer.
• N (Nodes) Refers to whether the lymph nodes are affected with a number between 0-3.
• M (Metastasis) Indicates if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. M0 means it has not spread, while M1 means other organs or lymph nodes not near the primary tumour are affected.

This information is combined to describe stages of cancer from stage 1 to 4.

After a diagnosis of advanced cancer, some people want to know how long they have left, while others prefer not to know. This is a personal choice, and neither is right or wrong, you need to make the one that feels right for you.

If you’d like to know your prognosis, your doctor can provide an estimate based on what typically happens in similar cases. However, it’s important to understand everyone’s situation is unique, and the actual time could be longer or shorter.

Not everyone with advanced cancer will die from it – some people live for months or even years due to improved treatments, while others may face other health issues unrelated to the cancer.

For many, the uncertainty of advanced cancer can be the hardest part. Some focus on living day by day or use the time to complete practical tasks such as preparing a will or advanced care directive and reflect on what matters most.

Treatment for advanced cancer varies depending on where the cancer started, how far it has spread, your overall health, and your personal preferences and goals. Common treatments include:

• Chemotherapy – Uses drugs to slow cancer growth or shrink tumours.
• Radiation therapy – Targets and destroys cancer cells.
• Surgery – Removes tumours or relieves symptoms.
• Hormone therapy – Blocks hormones that fuel certain cancers.
• Targeted therapy – Focuses on specific molecules involved in cancer growth.
• Immunotherapy – Boosts the immune system to fight cancer.
• Complimentary therapy – Can support your overall wellbeing during treatment.

Treatments may also be available through clinical trials. Each treatment has different goals, so it’s important to discuss your options with your healthcare team to find the best approach for your situation.

Being diagnosed with advanced cancer or learning your cancer has recurred or spread can be overwhelming, and it’s natural to feel a wide range of emotions.

Everyone processes this news differently, so give yourself the time and space to absorb it and do what feels right for you.

Deciding what treatment to pursuecan be difficult. Some people choose treatment even if the benefit is small or short-lived, while others may focus on managing symptoms like pain or discomfort rather than pursuing active cancer treatments. You might prefer to spend time with loved ones without the interruption of treatment or opt for chemotherapy if it means enjoying a few good weeks each month.

These challenges are a normal part of cancer survivorship, and the support you receive doesn’t have to end when your cancer treatment does. We’re here to help.

Cancer Council Queensland can help you and your family find a ‘new normal’. You may be thinking about taking control of your health and physical wellbeing. You may have concerns about getting back into the workforce or have financial worries.

After treatment ends, it’s common to experience a mix of emotions – from relief and joy to anxiety and uncertainty. Many survivors report feeling isolated, fatigued, or worried about the future. Physical and emotional changes are normal parts of the recovery journey. If you’re concerned about how you’re feeling, our cancer advisors at 13 11 20 are here to listen and help you understand what to expect.

When cancer is diagnosed at an advanced stage, or treatments are no longer effective, it may be described as terminal. This can bring feelings of shock and uncertainty, and it’s normal to experience a range of emotions.

While the timeline is hard to predict, focusing on maintaining your quality of life is key. Palliative care plays an important role in supporting comfort, dignity, and wellbeing, and addressing physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs. It also extends support to family members and caregivers.

Planning for end of life can be difficult but provides a sense of control. Consider organising legal and financial matters, creating a will, making funeral arrangements, and discussing your wishes with loved ones. Advance care planning, where you discuss your health care preferences, can also bring peace of mind.

About end of life care preferences – some may prefer dying at home, others in a hospice. Open communication with family and professionals ensures your preferences are respected and can help loved one’s cope.

Caring for someone with advanced cancer can be challenging. Some carers prefer to handle practical tasks with guidance from health professionals, while others may need additional support for personal care. It’s important to talk to family and friends, as they can assist with meals, errands, medications, or paperwork. Emotional support is just as crucial, and sometimes, simply being present or gently asking, “Do you want to talk about how you’re feeling?” can offer
comfort. Remember to care for yourself too – eating well, staying active, and seeking regular medical check-ups are key to maintaining your wellbeing as a carer.

PalAssist is available from 7am-7pm, 7 days a week. It is a free service for anyone who has a life-limiting illness or condition, and/or their families and carers (subject to any costs that may be imposed by a client’s telephone service provider for 1800 number calls).

PalAssist is operated by a team of nursing and allied health professionals. We understand that every person’s journey is different, and offer individualised support and advice to our clients.

The service is funded by Queensland Health and provided by Cancer Council Queensland.