A pair of organs in the abdomen. The kidneys remove waste from the blood and make urine. The kidneys also produce hormones that stimulate red blood cell production and control calcium levels.

The basic units of the kidney that filter the blood. Nephrons also regulate blood volume, pressure and pH and levels of electrolytes and metabolites….

A type of thin plastic tube inserted into a vein. The CVAD gives access to a vein so blood or chemotherapy can be given, and blood can be taken. Types of CVADs include central lines, Hickman lines, peripherally inserted central…

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.

The formation of new blood vessels. This enables tumours to develop their own blood supply, which helps them grow.

Deficiency in the number or quality of red blood cells.

A type of cancer that begins in the squamous cells. Squamous cells are found in several place in the body, including the top layer (epidermis) of the skin, in the main airways of the lungs, and in the cervix….

Energy in the form of waves or particles, including gamma rays, x-rays and ultraviolet (UV) rays. This energy is harmful to cells and is used in radiation therapy to destroy cancer cells.

Breast cancer cells that have a receptor protein to which progesterone will attach. Breast cancer cells that are PR+ depend on the hormone progesterone to grow….

Breast cancer cells that have a receptor protein to which oestrogen will attach. Breast cancer cells that are ER+ depend on the hormone oestrogen to grow….