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If you’re dealing with vagina cancer, it can feel overwhelming, and you may have a lot of questions. This guide can provide you with information about diagnosis, treatment, and support options. Whether you’re looking for information for yourself or supporting a loved one, we’re here to help.
The terms “women,” “woman,” and “female” used on this page reflect the language used in the research studies and data sources referenced. Unfortunately, these terms do not encompass all individuals with these reproductive organs. At Cancer Council Queensland, we remain committed to providing information that is both accurate and accessible to everyone. We acknowledge and stand in solidarity with the LGBTIQA+ community.
Our team is here to listen and support you.
Primary vaginal cancer, also known as vaginal carcinoma, begins in the vagina itself. It can develop in several different ways, with the most common type being squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which makes up about 85% of cases. Other types include adenocarcinoma (5-10% of cases), vaginal melanoma, and sarcoma.
Sometimes, cancer found in the vagina has spread from other parts of the body, such as the cervix, uterus, or vulva. These are called secondary vaginal cancers and are treated differently from primary vaginal cancers. Learn more about Gynaecological cancers.
Early detection is important, although vaginal cancer often has no obvious symptoms and is sometimes found through routine cervical screening.
Common signs that might indicate vaginal cancer include:
Key symptoms to be aware of include
All of these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, so it’s important to consult your GP for proper evaluation of any concerning symptoms.
While the exact cause of vagina cancer isn’t known, research has identified several factors that may increase your risk. These include having vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN), human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, or a previous gynaecological cancer. Smoking has also been linked to an increased risk, as has exposure to diethylstilboestrol (DES).
If you have symptoms, your first step will be to visit your GP who will conduct initial tests. If you need further tests, you’ll see a specialist such as a gynaecologist or gynaecological oncologist.
The main tests used to diagnose vaginal cancer are:
If these tests show that you have vaginal cancer, your healthcare team may recommend additional tests to check whether the cancer has spread. These might include:
Waiting for test results can be a stressful time – you don’t need to wait for a diagnosis before you reach out for support. It may help to talk to a friend or family member, a healthcare professional, or call us on 13 11 20.
Your treatment path will be carefully planned by your healthcare team, taking into account several important factors about you and your cancer, including:
Most women with vaginal cancer will have radiation therapy as their main treatment. This is because vaginal cancer that is close to the urethra, bladder and rectum is often difficult to remove completely with surgery. You could be a good candidate for surgery, however, if you have a small cancer found in the upper part of your vagina. In some cases, your treatment plan may include chemotherapy.
Your doctor will discuss these options with you and explain which treatments are most suitable for your situation. They will consider what is likely to be most effective while maintaining your quality of life.
Prognosis means the expected outcome of a disease. While it’s natural to want to know what lies ahead, it’s important to understand that no one can predict the exact course of your cancer. Your doctor can give you an idea of possible outcomes based on other people’s experiences, but everyone’s situation is different. When discussing your prognosis, your doctor will consider several factors:
In most cases, the earlier vaginal cancer is diagnosed, the better the chances of successful treatment.
Some people find it helpful to know the statistics for others in similar situations, while some prefer not to focus on the numbers. You should do what feels right for you. You will have regular check-ups to see how you’re responding to treatment.
Symptoms can include pain during intercourse, pelvic pain, and discomfort in the vaginal area. Some women may not feel any symptoms in early stages.
While a vaginal swab alone cannot diagnose cancer, abnormal cells might be detected during a cervical screening test. Further tests would be needed to confirm any diagnosis.
Vaginal cancer is relatively rare, with about 100 cases diagnosed annually in Australia. It’s more common in women over 60.
Pain isn’t always present, particularly in early stages. But some women may experience pain during intercourse or pelvic discomfort. Any persistent pain should be evaluated by a healthcare provider.
Vaginal cancer often doesn’t have visible signs in its early stages. It’s typically detected through medical examination and screening rather than visible changes. But sometimes healthcare professionals may observe abnormal tissue during examination procedures such as a colposcopy
Vagina cancer is one of the rarer types of gynaecological cancers. In Australia, approximately 100 women are diagnosed each year. While it most commonly affects women over 60, certain types, particularly adenocarcinoma, can occur in younger women.
